125+ web files in a constantly
updated Gazetteer on Bermuda's accommodation, activities, airlines, apartments,
areas, art, artists, attractions, airport, aviation pioneers, banks, banking,
beaches, Bermuda Status and citizenship, books and publications, British Army,
businesses, calypso, Canadian military, causeway, churches, city of Hamilton,
commerce, community, cruise ships, culture, cuisine, customs, Devonshire Parish,
disability accessibility, districts, Dockyard, economy, education and
universities abroad, employers, employment, entertainment, environment,
executorships and estates, fauna, ferries, flora, food, forts, gardens,
geography, getting around, golf, government, guest houses, history, Hamilton
Parish, homes and housing, hotels, internet access, islands, laws and legal
system, local groups and organizations, location, media, motor vehicle options,
music, municipalities, Paget Parish, parishes, parks, Pembroke Parish, politics,
postage stamps, public holidays, public transport, railway trail, religions,
Royal Navy, Sandy's Parish, St. David's, St. George's Parish, shopping, Smith's
Parish, Somerset, Southampton Parish, Spanish Point, Spittal Pond, sports,
stores, telecommunications, traditions, time zone, town of St. George, United
States armed forces, tourism, vacation planning, villages, vital statistics,
water sports, weather, Warwick Parish, wildlife, work permits, etc. For
tourists, business visitors, employers, employees, newcomers, researchers,
retirees, scholars.
Bermuda's
History from 1500 to 1699
How it is linked to
events in Europe, the United States of America, United Kingdom and Canada
By Keith
Archibald Forbes (see About
Us) exclusively for Bermuda
Online
To refer to
this web file, please use "bermuda-online.org/history.htm"
as your Subject
Bermuda was first
sighted in
1505, but not settled
- 1502. Christopher Columbus took his fourth voyage to
the New World.
- Circa 1505. Bermuda was believed to
have been discovered by accident by Juan de
Bermudez, Captain of La Garza, a Spanish vessel, part of a Spanish fleet. But
because it was so small, the island group remained
uninhabited and unsettled until 1609, except for the occasional shipwrecked
mariner.
- 1509. It was first recorded
in European journals
that in
the early Islamic
states of the western Sudan, including Ghana
(750–1076), Mali
(1235–1645), Segou
(1712–1861), and Songhai
(1275–1591), about a third of the population were enslaved.
See in Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery.
It was
reported in London and other journals
that instead of ritually killing captured tribes
or enslaving them themselves, African chiefs profited by selling them instead
to Arab and European traders.
- 1509. King Henry VII
of England died and was succeeded by his son, King
Henry VIII.
- 1511. In Spain a book of Spanish
discoveries in the Caribbean published by Peter Martyr had a map (see below) of La Bermudas
(or Garza, after the ship captained by Juan de Bermudez) well north
of the Caribbean.
First known map of
Bermuda
- 1515. Spanish writer and historian Oviedo
sailed near Bermuda but was unable to land.
-
1527. A petition
was made
by Hernando Camero, a Portuguese from the Azores, to claim and people Bermuda for the crown of Spain, but was never followed up
seriously. A later war involving Spain may have been why.
-
1543. A
Portuguese slave ship sank off the South Shore, Bermuda. From this
tragedy, the inscription of the "Spanish Rock" at Spittal Pond may
derive.
-
1543. A French map of the world showing La Bermuda was published.
- 1543. In Bermuda, Spanish Rock was
inscribed with this date, plus a cross, by Portuguese mariners.
- 1544. Sebastian Cabot's Mappo Mundi was
published. Many Bermuda resources including the Government of Bermuda official
website and late Bermudian author Terry Tucker's book Bermuda
Today and Yesterday claim this map showed Bermuda as "ya de
demonios" (Isle of Devils, in Spanish). But this has been
disputed by an American historian, apparently for cause, with the
assertion that the copy of Cabot's map in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, which
for many years was the only known copy, has Bermuda clearly labeled
"La Bermuda." Whatever, the devilish sounds were
not demons but the cries - wild, eerie shrieks of sea and land birds,
cahows indigenous to Bermuda and also likely, the sounds of hogs
sqealing, not indigenous but landed there by sailors to provide food
in the event of being shipwrecked.
1547-1608. Bermuda remained
unsettled
- 1547. King Edward VI
ascended the throne on England.
- 1554. The birth, in Lyme Regis,
England, of the man who discovered and colonized Bermuda, Admiral Sir George Somers.
-
1556.
From the port of La Rochelle,
France, set out a man-of-war of some hundred tons, along with a
pinnace of twenty-five tons, crewed by one hundred fifty soldiers
and sailors, and commanded by a sea captain from La Rochelle by name
of Captain Mesmin. The
privateer took a Spanish prize in the Caribbean and headed home,
with half the crew manning the newly-pirated acquisition.
Unfortunately, the Bermuda reefs intervened and the prize became one
of the early shipwrecks at the island. Some of the crew from the
wreck were probably the first people to set foot on Watford Island,
from which place the largest bridge in Bermuda was later so named,
spanning the gap between that island and Somerset. The
story is one of treachery and ethnic betrayal that began from the
moment of the wrecking of the Spanish vessel. Captain Mesmin, in the
French ship, hung offshore and received entreaties from the wrecked
crew to take all of them aboard his ship and back to France. But he
refused. Mesmin left the 45 men to their own devices, their ship
still partly afloat, but firmly wedged and half sunk on the reefs.
With their ship breaking apart under their
feet, the abandoned sailors made two rafts, the better to reach dry
land at Bermuda, seen in the distance. Enduring a bashing from the
sea, both rafts floated to land, but one ended up at the eastern end
of Bermuda and the other grounded to the west. The
occupants of the latter, having set foot back on terra firma, with
no loss among their number, they began to walk along the coast
hoping to find some trace of their companions. But they had not got
very far when they came across an obstruction in their path in the
shape of a river which was at least 300 paces across. That
obstructive “river” is believed to be the channel between
Watford and Somerset Islands. The
25 shipwrecked mariners were obliged to return to the remains of
their raft and reuse it to traverse the gap from Watford Island to
Somerset. In so doing, as they had demolished part of the raft for
firewood, five of the men were left behind on Watford Island,
becoming in a way its first settlers. The
other score took two weeks to travel to the eastern end of the main
island of Bermuda, where they found the other members of the
shipwrecked crew. Due to prickly pear, “they were forced to cut up
their hats to put them on their feet as soles, because their shoes
were all ripped and torn”. The
treacherous saga continued and a boat was built to take the men back
to the Caribbean. This was accomplished, but three of the sailors,
being ethnic Normans and not from La Rochelle, were left behind in
Bermuda. A ship sent out from Normandy to that end later rescued
them.
- 1558.
Queen Elizabeth 1 assumed the throne on the death of her
older half-sister, Queen Mary 1.
- 1558. Birth of Thomas Smith
(Smythe), later Sir Thomas and the Treasurer of the Virginia Company, who had
links to Bermuda
- 1560 to 1570. The first known visit to
Bermuda by a Frenchman was by Captain Russel or Roussel, shipwrecked here then. His ship
struck a reef and was so badly holed that lives were lost. Russel and the remainder of his
crew made a smaller boat out of materials from the perished ship and sailed to
Newfoundland where they got passage back to France.
- 1562. Sir John Hawkins
first went to the New World and began the British slave trade from Guinea. But the Portuguese
started it earlier.
- 1582. Establishment in Newfoundland of first
British colony in New World.
- 1585. The first of two attempts to
establish a colony on Roanoke Island were organized by Sir Walter Raleigh. The second
disappeared without a trace in 1589.
- 1587. A report from
Spanish sailor Pedro de Aspide reported pearl fisheries in waters
around Bermuda and begged royal assent to exploit them. (Later, it
was established they had no pearls).
- 1593. St. Augustine in Florida was
founded by the Spanish, as the first continuously lived-in settlement by
Europeans in the New World.
- 1593. On April 10, 1591,
three ships sailed from Plymouth, England for the East Indies. They were the Penelope,
Merchant Royal and Edward Bonaventura. In the latter was English seaman Henry May,
transferred by his captain, James Lancaster, to a French vessel. The French ship was under
the command of M. de la Barbotiere. He sailed from Laguna, Hispaniola, on November 30,
1593. Seventeen days later, his pilots thought they
were out of danger of the Isle of Devils or Bermuda. They got their wine of height for a
safe latitude, drank long and deep, with a minimal deck watch, but erred severely in their
navigation. At midnight on December 17, the ship struck the north-west reefs of Bermuda
and was so badly damaged that out of fifty five men, only twenty six reached the shore
alive. Henry May and Captain de la Barbotiere were among the survivors. It is the wreck of
this French ship on the Bermuda coat of arms. The crew cut down Bermuda cedar trees and
built a seaworthy craft of eighteen tons. They caulked her seams with lime salvaged from
the ship and oil extracted from local turtles they caught for food. They ate turtle meat
fish, birds - and wild hogs.
- 1594. On May 11, Captain de la Barbotiere
and his repaired ship sailed from Bermuda to Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, on May 20, where the Englishman,
de la
Barbotiere and crew observed the settlement before continuing to Newfoundland, where May
boarded another French ship directly for Europe. He reached Falmouth, Cornwall, two months
later in 1594.
- 1600. The East India Company of England was
founded.
- 1600. In England, the lode
stone acquired by Admiral Sir George Somers to magnetize his compass needles and
later used by him to discover Bermuda, was manufactured.
- 1602. New England was first named and
explored by English mariner Bartholomew Gosnold. He was the first Englishman in the
region, after sailing from the Azores and then again from Maine to Cape Cod. He named the
region after his homeland and Martha's Vineyard after the first name of his eldest child.
- 1603. Queen Elizabeth was succeeded by King
James I of England and VI of Scotland.
- 1603. Diego Ramirez, captain of a Spanish
galleon, spent 3 weeks on Bermuda with his crew to repair their ship and sent a description to his superiors in Seville,
Spain. A black crewmember was Venturilla. He was sent ashore with a lantern and
axe to cut a piece of cedar while the rest of his crew waited on the
ship. When on land, he was mobbed by many cahows and yelled to his
crewmates for help. They assumed he was being attacked by the devil,
rushed to his aid and that night captured more than 500 birds. All
left after repairing the ship. The map created by
Captain Diego Ramirez during his visit that year is the first-ever
known map of Bermuda. Spanish Point is on the maps because of their
visit.
- 1605. Annapolis Royal, in Nova Scotia,
became the first permanent English-speaking settlement in North America.
- 1606. In April, King James I issued a charter
to the Virginia Company for land along mid Atlantic coast. Dutch painter Rembrandt
was born.
- 1606. On February 1, Guy Fawkes and
others were executed in London, drawn and quartered, for attempting to blow up Parliament.
Their limbs were severed, stomachs were disemboweled
and heads held aloft on spiked staves.
- 1606. On
December 20, Captain Christopher Newport left London with the Godspeed, Discovery and
Susan Constant for Virginia.
- 1607. The Virginia
Company of London was established.
- 1607. Near Fort Popham, on the Kennebec
River, in Maine, the English Popham Colony was established, abandoned after George Popham
died. Yet they built the pinnace Virginia, the first English vessel launched from the
mainland.
- 1607. On May 13, 104 male settlers arrived at
James City for the first permanent English settlement in the New World.
- 1607. On May 26 in Jamestown, Paspahegh
Indians attacked the colonists, killed two and wounded ten. On June 15, James Fort was
completed. On September 10, the Council accused Councilor George Kendall of discord. He was placed under arrest on the Discovery and
executed. On September 12
the Council found President Edward M. Wingfield guilty of libel. He was deposed and John
Ratcliffe took his place. On December 10 Captain John Smith went up the Chickahominy for
food but was captured. On December 29 he was brought before Powhatan but his daughter
Pocahontas saved Smith's life.
- 1608. On January 1 Smith returned to James
Fort and saw only 38 of the original 104 settlers. Smith was accused of deaths of
men on his expedition. He was tried and condemned to be hung.
But Captain Christopher Newport returned on the John and Francis with the First Supply of
food and more settlers. Newport halted the Smith execution. In February, Smith took
Newport up the York River to meet Powhatan for an exchange of beads for provisions and
sons. Thomas Savage lived with the Indians and Namontack with the British. They acted as
interpreters and liaisons.
- 1608. Champlain founded the French settlement at
Quebec City, courted Indian traders and imported French missionaries.
- 1608. Birth of famous English poet John
Milton, whose poetical works are still popular today.
- 1608. In September the "Second
Supply" with 70 new immigrants arrived on the Mary and Margaret, including an
Elizabethan bed for Powhatan, a five piece barge to explore the Richmond Falls and two
women, Mrs. Thomas Forrest and her maid Anne Burras.
- 1608. In November, Jamestown had its first wedding, with much celebration, when Anne Burras was married to John Laydon, a
carpenter who had arrived earlier.
1609. Bermuda settled by
English colonists. Events thereafter
- 1609. In May, James I issued the second charter to the Virginia
Company.
Sir Thomas Smith (Smythe) was appointed Treasurer of the Virginia Company.
- 1609. June 2, the
Virginia Company's ship "Sea Venture" sailed on its maiden
voyage from Plymouth,
England for Jamestown, Virginia. She
was built in 1609 as a brand new vessel in Aldeburgh as England's
first purpose-designed emigrant ship. She displaced 300 tons, cost
£1,500, and differed from her contemporaries primarily in her
internal arrangements. Her guns were placed on her main deck, rather
than below decks as was then the norm. This meant the ship did not
need double-timbering, and she may have been the first
single-timbered, armed merchant ship built in England. The hold was
sheathed and furnished for passengers. She was armed with eight
nine-pounder demi-culverins, eight five-pounder sakers, four three-pounder
falcons, and four arquebuses. Sir Thomas Gates w as Lieutenant Governor
designate. Admiral Sir George
Somers, a British naval hero of Lyme
Regis, Dorset, The historic English town from where Bermuda's
History began (see how Lyme Regis records it under "Lyme
Regis and Bermuda") commanded the
"Third Supply" Relief Fleet of nine vessels. Captain Christopher Newport
was chief officer of the fleet. George Yeardley was then commander of land forces under Gates.
600 colonists included John Rolfe and his
pregnant first wife, who died later in Bermuda. The fleet was to relieve the struggling British colony established in
1607 under Captain John Smith after failure of the Roanoke Island venture of Sir Walter
Raleigh. It was the largest and most expensive colonization. On July 24,
a hurricane sank one ship and threw the flagship Sea Venture so far off course
that it was wrecked on a reef in Bermuda on July 28. All 150, including John Rolfe
and his pregnant wife were saved. The colonists painstakingly rebuilt two boats, Deliverance and Patience, from the
wreckage
at Buildings Bay, St. George's.
- 1609. Sir
George Somers was rowed around the island and from
the trip made the second known manuscript map of Bermuda, (after the
one by Ramirez) which has survived in two copies, one in
Bermuda in the collections of the Bermuda National Trust and the
other at the British Library.
- 1610.
February. Birth in Bermuda of the daughter, named Bermuda, the first
child known to have been born in Bermuda, of John Rolfe and his wife
Sarah Hacker Rolfe.
Rolfe was born in
Heacham,
Norfolk, England as the son of John Rolfe and Dorothea Mason, and
was baptized on May 6, 1585. John
Rolfe is one of the most famous of the 17th century new world
arrivals. He and his wife were Sea Venture castaways. But Mrs. Rolfe and her daughter
Bermuda died less than two months later in Bermuda. (Later,
Mr. Rolfe, as a widower, continued on to Jamestown, Virginia where
in 1614, he married native American Princess Pocahontas.)
- 1610. May 10. The
"Deliverance" left Bermuda for the Virginia colony,
arriving on 23/24 May at Jamestown, VA. She was about 80 tons, about
57 feet in length with 64 ft foremast,72 ft mainmast, and 44 ft
mizzen mast. She carried Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George
Somers, William Strachey and 100 settlers (all except for three, who as
deserters had remained in Bermuda). They included widower John
Rolfe who later achieved fame as the husband of an Indian princess, Pocahontas.
Strachey wrote for Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers and Captain
Christopher Newport a thrilling account of the shipwreck off and
discovery of Bermuda. Only three members of the original castaways
refused to go on to Virginia. They were imprisoned for mutiny but
escaped and fled, believed to have been to the Walsingham area of
the Main Island. The
three who chose to stay, These miscreants were Edward Chard, Robert
Waters and Christopher Carter, who were later fancifully but falsely
referred to themselves as the “Three Kings of Bermuda”, purely
because they were the only known inhabitants for a while. As
fugitives, they lived as such, instead of trying to redeem
themselves by improving their lot. Later, in 1612 when Bermuda
was settled by design and not by accident as before, they were
caught appropriately punished and deported in irons back to
England.
- 1610. May 24, Lieutenant Governor Gates proclaimed martial
law and instructed the colonists to abandon Jamestown. But on June 8 Lord De La Warr
arrived. Virginia was saved.
- November 9. 1610. Sir George Somers returned to Bermuda for needed
food, and a
few months later died on the island, it is said from a surfeit of pig. His heart was buried in St.
George's, and his body taken and buried in Dorset, England, where he was born.
Admiral Sir George
Somers, Founder of Bermuda
- 1610. Henry Hudson explored the Hudson
Bay.
- 1611. May. Sir Thomas Dale arrived at
Jamestown with 300 new settlers.
- 1611. George Yeardley, on the Sea Venture in 1609
before he went to Virginia in 1610, was knighted ( and later became a
two term Governor of Virginia).
- 1611. In London, the first King James
Bible was published.
- 1611. On November 1, in London, England, at
Whitehall, for King James VI of Scotland and I of England, the first performance of the
original dramatic and musical work THE TEMPEST by the British
dramatist and playwright William Shakespeare, with music by the British composer
Robert Johnson. The drama was based on true accounts by English writer, historian and
lawyer William Strachey, of Lyme Regis, Dorset, England, and Sylvester Jourdain. Both had
been in Bermuda until they got to Jamestown, Virginia and ultimately back to
England. Whole sections of the original text were taken by Shakespeare from their dramatic
accounts and the story of Admiral Sir George Somers. But Shakespeare obscured facts with fiction on his
mythical Italian island.
- 1612. July 11. Bermuda
created it's own legal system. It's laws were based on English Common Law,
Principles of Equity, and most of the English Acts that were in being as
from that date. However, these latter laws and principles were subject
to legislation passed by Bermuda’s Legislature from that date.
- 1612. July 11. Arrival of the Plough,
sent by the Virginia Company
based in London, England, with sixty more settlers to Bermuda (by then called the Somers
Isles), including Richard Moore, the new Governor. They were the first permanent
settlers. They went initially to Smith's Island,
then Tortus Island (now St. George's Island) and established that town (also
sometimes called New London). The first long-term dwellings were constructed
there, initially of cedar wood and palmetto thatch. (They remained this way
until the early 1700s when limestone was used instead). Governor Richard Moore
decided
that Paget Fort, on the island of that name, was the most important place to be
defended. He had platforms for guns cut on the southeastern end of the island as
this overlooked the entrance to the channel. (This appears to be below the
present site of the fort). Among the settlers were the first swarms of
bees, deliberately included. Bermuda was subsequently sold by the Virginia Company to the
new Bermuda Company.
- 1612. In Virginia, John Rolfe, by then a
farmer, offered a crop of tobacco to help save the Jamestown settlement. Lord De La Warr
and the Council issued the legal code "Laws Divine, Moral and Martial" (1612)
which governed the colony until 1619. Much of this particular document was written by
William Strachey, originally from Lyme Regis and also a Bermuda survivor. He had also
written an excellent account of the voyage of the Sea Venture and how its passengers
arrived safely from Bermuda in 1610. (His signet ring was found centuries later in
Jamestown).
- 1612. The island of Bermuda
now referred to as Cooper's Island was claimed by Christopher Carter in
payment for his share of ambergris forfeited to the Bermuda Company. He
spent years there digging in vain for what he thought was buried treasure.
- 1612. The
first Government House was built. It stood on Water Street, St.
George's, near the Town Square.
Government House
Bermuda 1612 - sketch
- 1612. The Town of St. George
was established, with the assistance of the ship Elizabeth which arrived on
her first visit, with 30 settlers.
- 1612. December. An un-named
ship arrived at Bermuda with 30 passengers and provisions.
- 1613. March. The first
Governor of Bermuda, Richard Moore, was much occupied in raising a timber
watchtower on a hill overtopping the town of St. George's to the westwards,
to serve for the discovery of shipping upon the coast. From that tower,
signals would be sent to the town below about sails on the horizon,
reinforced one way or the other as soon as the ship was gleaned to be friend
or foe. Signals have been continuously sent out from that hill, where Fort
George (Harbour Radio) now stands, since then. It was originally called Rich's
Mount (see graphic above) partly after the Governor of the time, and a single tower. It
is the only military site in continuous occupation since the first days of
the settlement of Bermuda in the late summer of 1612.
- 1613. June. The ship Martha
arrived at Bermuda with 60 settlers.
- 1613. The ship Elizabeth
arrived with 40 settlers on her second visit.
- 1613. Just before Christmas
Richard Norwood arrived in the Somers Isles (Bermuda). His grandfather was
the Usher at Berkhamsted School in Hertfordshire, England where Richard too was
a pupil. The school still exists. His advice had been
very helpful to the captain when the ship they were on went aground on one
of the outer reefs. It was only a year and a half after the first boatload
of settlers which included Bermuda’s first governor, Richard Moore.
Norwood had been sent to the islands as a “technical specialist”,
meaning that he had been hired as a pearl diver in search of what proved to
be Bermuda’s non-existent pearls. When that job fizzled out, it was sheer
chance that launched him on a career that would give him a very special
place in Bermuda’s history as its first map maker and surveyor. He was a
man of exceptional ability in those occupations, as well as in the many
other pursuits in which he engaged during his long lifetime. Norwood had
already distinguished himself as a mariner, navigator, and diver and would
later prove his genius as a mathematician, textbook writer, schoolmaster and
historian, as well as surveyor and map-maker. He had many other interests,
too, such as nature and religion and in 1638 wrote a journal of his early
life. Its detail and clarity have proved invaluable for historians. The
original document, passed down through generations of his descendants, is
now in the Bermuda Archives. In 1945 the Bermuda Historical Monument Trust
had the journal published. The pearl-diving eventually came to nothing, and
he then commenced a survey of the coastline for Governor Moore and Governor
Daniel Tucker. The ancient record says: ‘’The first tribe to bee
Eastward was then called Bedford Tribe, now Hamiltons [i.e. Hamilton Tribe
or Parish, not the City of Hamilton]; the second, Smith’s Tribe; the
third, Cavendish, now Devonshire; the fourth, Pembrooks; the fifth, Pagets;
the sixth, Mansils, now Warwicks; the seventh, Southampton; the eighth,
Sandys.’ The persons whose names have been perpetuated were: James
Hamilton, second Marquis of Hamilton; Sir Tomas Smith or Smythe; William
Cavendish, first Earl of Devonshire; William Herbert, third Earl of
Pembroke; William Paget, fourth Lord Paget; Robert Rich, second Earl of
Warwick; Henry Wriothesley (pronounced ‘Rocksley’) third Earl of
Southampton; and lastly (the farthest west) – Sir Edwin Sandys.’’
Norwood had the help of Charles Caldicott. There were some 120 islands to be
surveyed, all densely covered with cedar forests and without roads. The
final survey, begun in the summer of 1616, was completed by May 1617. The
resulting map, published in London in 1622, five years after Norwood’s
return to England, was engraved by several cartographers (including John
Speed in 1631, Abraham Goos 1626 and Hondius). It still serves as the basis
of all land tenure to the present day. Before Richard Norwood sailed for
England with all the data for his map in May 1617, he was involved in what
became known as the scandal of the overplus. The fact was, Governor Tucker
was due three shares from the Company; if the survey had continued straight
ahead from east to west inevitably the expected overplus, the Governor’s
perquisite, would fall at the extreme west end. But at a middle stage of the
work, the Governor suddenly ordered Norwood to begin working from Sandys
eastward, the reason given being that the rats had not yet attacked that
part which therefore could easily be laid out. Norwood complied. The
overplus which he had correctly anticipated, now fell in a specially
luscious vale between Southampton and Sandys which Tucker immediately
claimed as his bonus. Feelings ran high and when, undeterred, the Governor
proceeded to build himself a fine house on this 200 acres the Rev Lewis
Hughes denounced him bitterly as building a ‘flauntinge’ cedar mansion
for himself while leaving ‘Gods house...but a thacht hovell.’ Even the
Somers Island Company in London seemed likely to deprive the retiring
Governor of the overplus and the house built at their expense. But in his
last term of office he managed to send a huge consignment of tobacco from
Bermuda, and appeared himself in London to state his own case. The result
was that he retained the by then famous house (on the property later
designated The Grove) and a little less than half the overplus property –
a large and beautiful slice of land. Norwood was innocent of any complicity
in the overplus plot, if plot there had been. He remained away from Bermuda
for twenty years during which time he wrote several learned books on
trigonometry, on navigation, on fortifications – books which went through
many editions and continued being published for over half a century.
- 1614. March. After having sailed
in February 1614 from Santo Domingo bound for Spain with a fleet of
three naos, Captain Domingo de Ulivarri took the best route north with the
Gulf Stream into the latitude of Bermuda, from where the east-blowing trade
winds would sweep the fleet home to southern Europe. Spanish captains were
under orders to check out the settlement at Bermuda, as it stood dangerously
athwart that sea lane to Europe, though instructions to have these insolent
people quickly annihilated seem fortunately only to be directed at the
English colony at Jamestown, Virginia. A few weeks out, one of the naos sprang
a leak and was abandoned, the complement transferred to the other two
vessels. The actions of Captain de Ulivarri that occurred thereafter at
Bermuda were recorded in a contemporary report. On 14 March at the 33rd
latitude, they woke and found their ships three leagues south of the islands
of Bermuda. The captain, knowing that His Majesty desired to know about the
English colony, was determined to reconnoiter it. He approached the island
from the south until he was in eight fathoms of water. Smoke was spotted on
the island and immediately turning towards it, it was found to be emanating
from two forts about 100 paces apart. One appeared to be built of mortar and
stone and the other of wood. They saw people going from one to the other
wielding artillery. There were ten to twelve pieces in both forts. One of
the ships sailed into the [Castle] harbour. Thinking the visitors English,
the colonists put out in a small boat, stopped a musket shot away, and
refused to board. When they recognized the ship to be Spanish, the forts
fired. The launches that put out to them were newly built and, they judged,
of native wood, because it had very red oars of cedar, which is plentiful on
that island. From a Bermudian report, Governor Moore, 'who was a very good
gunner', blasted off two cannonballs from the King's Castle, one passing
'through and through' one of the ships, which turned tail and departed for
Spain. The irony was that there was only one cannonball left in reserve and
in firing the others, the good gunners spilled the only cask of gunpowder
under the gun. The de Ulivarri account is positive proof of the presence of
masonry fortifications at Bermuda from the earliest days of settlement. This
was how the
only shots ever fired in anger were sent whistling seaward from Castle
Island in March 1614. Those shots across the bows of the two Spanish
vessels became a legend in the early history of Bermuda.
- 1614. Early in March, the
ships Blessing, with 100 passengers and the Starre with 180 new immigrants
arrived in Bermuda. The Governor took
their names and immediately put them all to work on his projects' including
the King's Castle.
- 1614. The ship Margaret
arrived from England along with two frigates bringing the surveyor Bartlet
and others.
- 1614. May 24, in
Virginia, colonist John Rolfe - once a castaway in Bermuda and a widower,
whose wife and child Bermuda has died in Bermuda - married Indian Princess Pocahontas
in the first known inter-racial marriage, possibly for political reasons but
also as a love-match. Rolfe
was born in Heacham,
Norfolk, England as the son of John Rolfe and Dorothea Mason, and was
baptized on May 6, 1585. Later, he and Pocahontas had a child, Thomas
Rolfe.
An imagined
portrait of John Rolfe and Pocahontas.
- 1614. June 28. John Rolfe
of Jamestown, earlier of Bermuda, by then married to Pocahontas for only
about a month, shipped the first tobacco from Virginia to England. At
the time, Spain held a virtual monopoly on the lucrative tobacco trade. Most
Spanish colonies in the New World were located in southern climates more
favorable to tobacco growth than the English settlements, notably Jamestown.
As the consumption of tobacco had increased, the balance of trade between
England and Spain began to be seriously affected. Rolfe was one of a number
of businessmen who saw the opportunity to undercut Spanish imports by
growing tobacco in England's new colony at Jamestown, in Virginia. Rolfe had
somehow obtained seeds to take with him from a special popular strain then
being grown in Trinidad and South America, even though Spain had declared a
penalty of death to anyone selling such seeds to a non-Spaniard.
- 1614. A map of Bermuda (see
below) was produced by Captain John Smith.
Captain John
Smith's 1614 map of Bermuda
Captain John
Smith's 1624 book
- Captain John Smith published
his Bermuda map showing forts erected in defense of the islands, see graphic
below.
Captain John
Smith's 1624 Bermuda map showing forts.
- 1624. In June, the Virginia Company lost its
charter and Virginia became a royal province, from mismanagement of the colony. Elsewhere,
the Dutch settled New Amsterdam.
- 1624. In the United Kingdom, George
Fox, founder of the Society of Friends (Quakers), was born.
- 1624. The ship George again
arrived in Bermuda with settlers and provisions.
1625-1649
- 1625.
King Charles I ascended the throne, on the death of King
James I of England and VI of Scotland.
- 1625. In Lyme Regis, England, Matthew
Somers, who brought the body of his uncle Admiral Sir George Somers home from Bermuda in
1611, died after a term in prison for debt. Also in Lyme Regis, John Somers died on July
12, a grandfather many times over. He was the last survivor of the brothers of Admiral Sir
George Somers.
- 1625. Virginia became a royal colony
with the governor and council appointed by King James I.
- 1625 to 1640. An estimated 1,000 or
more indentured servants arrived in Virginia each year, some orphans and condemned
criminals but mostly the unemployed seeking economic opportunity.
-
1626. Richard
Norwood's second survey divided the island into 50-acre shares of land and
was published as a map by John Speed. It showed the unusual shape of
Bermuda.
- 1627. By law in Bermuda, pilchards and fry
were only allowed to be taken for bait or food, not for oil. Similar laws went into force
to protect cedar trees.
- 1629. The establishment of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony by the Puritans, as a separate entity from the Plymouth Colony.
- 1629. At
St. George's, Butler's watchtower was
thrown down the hill by a passing hurricane.
- 1629. In Bermuda, the population
was calculated as 2,500 white and between 300 to 400 black and Native American.
- 1630. English Puritan leader John
Winthrop founded Boston.
- October 1630. Scots exiles
were sent to and sold as slaves at the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts,
Berwick in Maine and Bermuda by General Oliver Cromwell following the Battle
of Dunbar (Sept 3, 1650). He sent them on the ship 'Unity' with
instructions to sell them "into perpetual servitude." There is no
known surviving listing in Bermuda of such sales.
- 1630-1650. Economic, political
and religious unrest cause mass emigration from Britain to North American
colonies including Bermuda.
- 1631. In June, Captain John Smith died
in England at the age of 51. He had tried to join the Pilgrim Fathers bound for
America in 1620 but had been rejected.
- 1632. King Charles I issued a charter
for colony of Maryland. It was named in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria.
- 1633. Richard
Norwood completed a third survey of Bermuda. It was never published but
exists in several manuscript copies.
- 1633.
Dutchman Willem Blaeu - see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Blaeu
- published his second map, below, of Bermuda, five years before his
death.
- 1633. England was introduced to bananas
when Thomas Johnston displayed a bunch from Bermuda in his shop window on Snow Hill,
London.
- 1634. Establishment of Maryland by Lord
Baltimore as a proprietary colony.
- 1635. Colonization of Connecticut
began.
- 1635. June 10. The ship Truelove
left from England with more colonists for Bermuda.
- 1635. September. The ship Dorset did the
same.
- 1636. The establishment of Rhode Island
and later the city of Providence by Roger Williams as a self governing British colony with
complete religious freedom.
- 1636. The establishment of Connecticut
as a British colony, by Thomas Hooker.
- 1636. In Massachusetts, Harvard College
was founded.
- 1637. Richard Norwood returned
to Bermuda as a schoolmaster, bringing his wife and four children. His first
school was probably in Devonshire Tribe, but later he built his own school
on his estate in Pembroke. This estate is still called Norwood – the house
on it today was built about 1711 by the husband (Saltus) of Richard
Norwood’s great granddaughter, but there are no remains of the school
house.
- 1639. On January 11, King Charles I
granted colonists in America the right to call their General Assembly. He set a precedent
for partial self rule for British colonies.
- 1639. The establishment of the separate
British colony of Maine, by Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the famous seaman from Somerset,
England (until its merger with Massachusetts in 1791, before it again became a separate
state later).
- 1642. When Governor Josias Forster
arrived, he upheld, encouraged and helped in the persecution and death of
supposed witches in Bermuda. In his honor, the Forster Chair was made. It was
used by him and future Bermuda Governors to
deliver Throne Speeches. (The chair is
normally on display in the Senate Chambers, but in 2009, Bermuda's 400th
Anniversary Year, was part of an exhibition at the Jamestown-Yorktown
Foundation Museum. A Bermuda Coat of Arms carved out of Bermuda Cedar, and
usually on display above the Forster Chair, was also sent to Jamestown. The
exhibition, which opened on March 2, explored the shared history and links
between England's first two permanent colonies in the New World, Bermuda and
Jamestown). The
Forster Chair is made of Bermuda Cedar and is decoratively carved with the
following inscription: Capt Josias Forster Esq Governor Of the Sumer Islands
Ano. Do. 1642.
- 1640s. In Bermuda, a dole cupboard
(still extant) was given to St. Peter's Church for the collection of alms for
the poor.
- 1642. 11 August. The
ship Gillyflower, Elias Pillgram master, left Bermuda for Virginia.
- 1644. 26 July. The ship
Hopewell of the Somer Islands, John Sessiones factor, brought cargo from
Barbados.
- 1645. English poet Edmund
Waller published his poetic piece on Bermuda, waxing eloquent about the
island he visited.
- 1647. A group of so-called
'Eleutheran Adventurers' left Bermuda to find a place where they could
practice religious freedom. They encountered a storm and the ship they were
sailing in ran onto rocks, which were later called the Devils Back Bone
north of Spanish Wells, in the Bahamas. The Adventurers led by William
Sayles found their way to shore and took refuge in what was later called
Preacher's Cave. A religious service was held in Preacher's Cave every year
for the next 100 years on the anniversary of that day.
- 1649. In Bermuda, the execution
in London of King Charles I caused "Bermuda's Civil War." To end it,
militia members were embodied. The majority of colonists swore allegiance to the
crown and forced the Independents or Puritans to leave Bermuda for the Bahamas.
- 1640s (to 1650s). Bermudians Anthony
Peniston and John Stowe built cedar ships to trade in the West Indies.
- 1647. Richard Hunt and his wife
Sarah, of Bromley, Kent, England, arrived in the Bermuda Islands and took
possession of the estates, etc. of the then Earl of Manchester in those islands
in which he was one of the proprietors. Sarah Hunt was one of the nieces of the
Earl. He had devised by his last will his landed property in the Bermudas in
trust to the Earl of Warwick, Lord Holland and Sir Nathanial Rich, his
executors, for the benefit of one of his nieces deemed the most worthy. Richard
and Sarah Hunt brought with them a daughter, also named Sarah.
- 1648. George Fox founded the Society of
Friends (Quakers).
- 1648. Governor/Captain William
Sayles and the Eleutheran Adventurers, who had sailed from Bermuda in 1647, settled
the Bahamas. Governor Sayles served three terms as
Governor of Bermuda before becoming the first Governor of the Bahamas and
first Governor of Carolina (before it was split in two as North and South
Carolina).
- 1649. On January 31, King Charles I was
beheaded in London by Parliamentary forces under Oliver Cromwell. The English Commonwealth
was formally established.
- 1650. On January 1, in
London, the Committee administering the affairs of Bermuda wrote to
Captain Josias Foster, the island's Governor, ordering him to fund and
accommodate Ministers from New England for the purpose of teaching letters and
Godliness to adults and youth. As a direct result, Bermuda's first school,
Warwick Academy, was created from the New England model of 1635.
- 1650. In England, John Churchill, the
future first Duke of Marlborough, was born. Rene Descartes died. So did Sylvester
Jourdain, who became famous after his Bermuda experience. He was buried at St.
Sepulchre Church, Newgate, London.
- 1650. Mass immigration of British
settlers to Bermuda ended.
- 1652. A British fleet representing the
Parliament of Oliver Cromwell arrived off the Virginia island coast. Berkeley surrendered
Virginia. As a result, the Virginia legislature was dominated by the House of Burgesses
until 1660.
- 1656. In Bermuda, a slave
uprising was foiled and all blacks previously given their freedom were banished.
- 1658. Oliver Cromwell died in England.
- 1660. On March 3 the Virginia Assembly
elected Berkeley as Governor.
1660-1685
- 1660. On May 29 the monarchy was restored in England. Charles II
became King and the Anglican Church regained its status.
- 1661. In Bermuda, another
conspiracy of slaves - this time, joined by white Irish indentured servants -
was foiled. The militia began a nightly watch.
- 1661. Virginia institutionalized
slavery with a law that made the status of the mother determine slave or free status of
the child.
- 1661. In England, Charles II received
Tangier and Bombay as part of the dowry from Catherine of Braganza, Portugal.
- 1661. In Bermuda, during a severe storm,
the ill fated armed British merchant ship Virginia Merchant became grounded near Boat Bay
in Southampton Parish. She was a total wreck and sank there with great loss of life. Of
the 179 people aboard, only 10 survived.
- 1661. The first of the
Butterfield family (later, of local banking fame) arrived in Bermuda from
England.
- 1662. Jamestown's status as the
mandatory port of entry for Virginia ended.
- 1662. The merger of what had been the
separate British colony of New Haven in Connecticut as a separate British colony,
with Connecticut proper.
- 1662. The English Book of Common Prayer was
revised. The Royal Society received a charter from Charles II. Louis XIV of France began
the Palace of Versailles.
- 1662. In Bermuda, Warwick Academy was
founded by the Earl of Warwick as the first school in the New World. The
school’s mascot and crest animal, the bear, is a symbol of his passion for
the Elizabethan pastime of bear-baiting.
- 1663. The establishment of the British colony of North Carolina by
eight noblemen.
- 1663. March. Bermuda bananas
were introduced to England.
- 1663. Richard Norwood completed his second
map of Bermuda.
- 1663. November 30. At a
Bermuda court, it was resolved to prohibit New Englanders and other
strangers from importing wine and setting up booths and warehouses to sell
their products, in competition with Bermudians.
- 1664. The establishment of the British
colony of New York, by the Duke of York. It was done in a bold military way in the event
of trouble but the merchants of the city accepted it willingly, with no damage to the
city. The British simply annexed the Dutch American colony of New Netherlands and renamed
its capital of New Amsterdam as New York.
- 1664. The establishment of the British
colony of New Jersey, by Berkeley and Cartaret.
- May 15, 1669. Sir John Heydon, a
relative of Jeremy Heydon, an original investor in the Bermuda Company of the early 17th
century, became Deputy Governor then Governor of Bermuda. He arrived at Castle Harbor
aboard the Bermuda Company ship "Summers Isles Merchant." He was an
uncompromising Puritan and tried his best to inflict his puritanical beliefs on other
colonists, much to their annoyance. Although unpopular, he remained in Bermuda after
retirement. When 80 years old, he was charged with treason. It was claimed he had allowed
Dutch sailors to chart the reefs of Bermuda for a possible invasion by the Dutch and
Spanish. Heydon was acquitted and before he died a few years later was charitable enough
to apply Christian forgiveness to his neighbors by establishing the Heydon Trust Estate
still surviving.
- 1669. The establishment of the separate
British colony of South Carolina, again by eight noblemen.
- 1670. In Bermuda, John Hardy
described boats of five tons with two masts and loose-footed triangular sails.
He praised their seaworthiness and noted their ability to sail close to the
wind.
-
1670. Population
of Bermuda was estimated at 8,000 men, women, children and slaves. The latter
were about 25%, triple the number of the 1629 statistics.
- 1673. Bermuda claimed and settled
the Turks Islands. The salt trade was established.
- 1673. In Bermuda, yet another
slave conspiracy was foiled. Some conspirators were branded with the letter
"R" for rogue, had their noses slit and were whipped prior to
execution. The rest were branded and whipped. The Government
attempted to restrict the importation of slaves and imposed strict controls on
the existing slaves.
- 1675. The first formal recognition
of the Bermuda rig is a manuscript that describes the "Bermoothes
saile."
- 1676.
Bermuda Governor Sir John Heydon banned the future importation of black and
Indian slaves at a time when colonies elsewhere were clamoring for a greater
supply. Heydon also exiled the island's tiny free black, mulatto, and Indian
population by ordering them to leave the island within six months or be
re-enslaved. This order, irregularly invoked into the 19th century, sought
to conflate race with legal status by eliminating free nonwhites and
succeeded in keeping Bermuda's free black population small until the eve of
Abolition in 1834. (Despite the deportation and the import ban, the island's
black population continued to grow, reaching 1,737 in 1684 to compose a
little under a quarter of Bermuda's inhabitants).
- 1676.
Map of Bermuda by John Speed was published, see graphic below
John Speed's 1676
Map of Bermuda
- 1676. September 19. Nathaniel Bacon
led south Virginians against the Indians in violation of Governor Berkeley's
wishes. He
opposed Berkeley and burnt Jamestown to the ground. On October 26 he died of dysentery.
- 1677. William of Orange married
Princess Mary, daughter of the Duke of York.
- 1677. In Bermuda, an Act of 1675
prohibiting the importation of slaves is upheld.
- 1678. Bermudians first sailed south to establish
the Turks Islands in the Caribbean as the center for decades of their industry for salt
raking and salt trading. Their
ships had two masts and loose-footed sails. They were used for storage, fishing
and going from island to island.
- 1679. In April, the ship
"Mayflower" left Barbados for Bermuda and Providence Island in the Bahamas. At
the same time, the ship "Providence" left Barbados for Bermuda and Boston.
- 1681. In Bermuda, an Indian slave
named John, the "property" of William Mulligan of Smith's Parish, was
convicted of setting his master's house on fire and firing shots at Mulligan's
family. John was hanged, drawn and quartered at Gibbet Island.
- 1682. In Bermuda, a slave
conspiracy involving 5 men was discovered and quelled.
- 1684. In Bermuda, privateering
became, with salt-raking, the major economic activity.
- 1684. The government of
Bermuda reverted to the Crown, after disgruntled
Bermuda colonists had joined forces with Perient Trott, a London merchant
and renegade company member, to launch a legal attack on the company's
charter. In what turned out to be the opening salvo of Charles II's judicial
battle to rein in England's American colonies, Bermudians ultimately
succeeded in dissolving the company after a five-year quo warranto
trial. The dissolution of the Somers
Island Company was a watershed in the history of the colony. Free from
company trade restrictions, Bermudians abandoned tobacco agriculture and
took to the sea in pursuit of commerce. They developed an extensive carrying trade, selling salt from Turks Island
and trading goods between North America and the West Indies. This formed the
basis of the economy of Bermuda until the early 1800s.
1685-1688
- 1685. King Charles II died
and James II - briefly - ascended the British
throne.
- 1685.
The economic shift from field to sea was a maritime revolution that
fundamentally transformed Bermuda's society and landscape. For
over 15 years Bermuda's annual tobacco exports fell from more than
half a million pounds to fewer than ten thousand. In the same
period, the island's merchant fleet rose from a handful to more than
seventy vessels. Taking advantage of their island's advantageous
location, Bermuda's first generation of mariners profited from
connecting emerging regional economies in North America with the
wealthy sugar-producing islands of the Caribbean. Freighting cargoes
for other colonial merchants and buying goods on speculation enabled
Bermuda to prosper far more than the older tobacco economy had
allowed, and the island's extensive tramp trade made Bermudians
among the best-informed denizens of the North Atlantic.
- 1685. King Louis XVI of France revoked the Edict of Nantes and exiled thousands of French Protestants
(Huguenots).
- 1685. In Germany, J. S. Bach and Handel were born.
- 1687. The Parthenon in Athens was badly
damaged by the Venetian bombardment of Turks on the Acropolis.
- 1687. Sir Robert
Robinson arrived in Bermuda as the new Royally-appointed Governor.
He replaced Sir Richard Coney, the last of the Bermuda Company
Governors, who had been re-appointed by King James II.
- 1688. King James II, the last Roman
Catholic monarch,
was driven from the English throne because of his religion and went into
exile.
1688-1694
- 1688. King William III
and Queen Mary II were enthroned and reigned in England.
- 1689. The English Declaration of Rights was
published.
- 1691.
Thomas Tew was an Anglo-American sailor of no great distinction
before arriving in Bermuda from Rhode Island. Some contemporaries
maintain that Tew had come to the island to settle permanently on
land. But the promise of fortune beyond the horizon lured him. He
was an unrefined man with the language and manners of the sea. At
first, he entered the somewhat reputable state-sponsored brand of
piracy. For 300 pounds he bought a letter of marque – a licence to
privateer – from Governor Isaac Richier. Next, he found himself a
crew – probably former salt traders tempted by the promise of
greater riches. Little is known about Tew’s first voyages on the Amity.
Around this time, however, something occurred which would alter
the destinies of all sea-faring Bermudians. The Governor of the
Bahamas, Ellas Askett, began a policy of seizing Bermudian ships in
the Caribbean. Bermuda shares much in common with the Bahamas.
During the English Civil War puritans in Bermuda found refuge there
when loyalists here drove them into exile. Free blacks also were
forced in to exile there during the slave rebellions in Bermuda
during the mid-17th century. There are still many Bahamian families,
especially in the northern islands, with Bermudian names. But at
that time, the tensions between the two colonies threatened war.
Governor Askett is recorded as saying: “I have never hanged a
Bermudian, but would make no more of it than to hang a dog.” This
incident is thought to mark the beginning of Bermudian piracy.
Thomas Tew was commissioned to raid a French settlement in East
Africa. Somewhere along the way, he offered to his crew to forfeit
the protection of the Crown and become pirates. The response has
become famous: “A gold chain or a wooden leg, we’ll stand by
you!” The only surviving account of what happened next is The
History of Pyrates by one Captain Johnson. Scholars have long
suspected that this was a pen name for Daniel Defoe (of Robinson
Crusoe fame), but this is now considered seriously doubtful.
“Tew sailed around Africa, in to the Indian Ocean and eventually
in to the Red Sea. It was fairly easy for pirates because it
concentrated with ships. Tew found an Arabian vessel laden with gold
and protected by 300 soldiers. His crew, although outnumbered,
managed to capture the ship and the gold it contained. After that,
if we follow the Johnson account, Tew then met a French pirate
called Captain Misson who persuaded Tew to follow him to Libertalia.
It was supposedly a pirate’s utopia in Madagascar where there was
no slavery. From there, Tew sailed back to Rhode Island where he and
his crew divided their treasure among them. The Bermudian crew, of
both black and white members, was
given £3,000 each, while Tew took £12,000 for himself. Tew’s
Bermudian investors, hearing of their good fortune, soon arrived to
collect their share. According to legend, Tew directed them to a
beach and instructed them to start digging. They all became very
rich men, very quickly. It is believed the Gilbert
family used their new-found wealth to purchase a sizeable amount of
land in Devonshire.
- 1693. In Virginia, the College of
William and Mary was founded.
- 1694. Queen Mary of England died.
- 1694. A law adopted
by this Bermuda Colony was titled "An Act Laying an Imposition
on all Jews, and reputed Jews, Trading or Merchandising on These
Islands." It levied a five pound tax on any Jew, or
"reputed Jew" wanting to do business in Bermuda. Why?
According to the bill's preamble, Jews "have come to and
resided in these islands, and have sold and vended great quantities
of goods, wares, merchandizes and commodities, and the monies
thereby received and gotten do still send out and carry away from
these islands into foreign and remote parts and places, to the great
impoverishment, hurt and prejudice of their majesties subjects in
these islands."
- 1698. Bermuda's
Attorney-General became (until April 1, 1999) the principal legal advisor to
the Government of Bermuda. In addition to being the chief legal
advisor he was also the principal prosecutor in all criminal matters
in the Island’s Courts.
- 1699. The
second Government House was erected, again in St. George's, at
what is now called the Globe Hotel, opposite St. Peter's Church. The
earlier Government House was a wreck by the mid-1680s and so
Governor Samuel Day built a new one of stone. When his rule was up,
Day refused to relinquish the building, which became his private
home.
Last Updated:
February 2, 2012.
Multi-national © 2012 by Bermuda Online.
All Rights Reserved. Contact Editor/writer
and webmaster.
