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Bermuda's ties with USA

85% of all tourists and business visitors and more than 75% of all imports come from America

By Keith Archibald Forbes (see About Us) at exclusively for Bermuda Online

To refer to this web file, please use "bermuda-online.org/usa.htm" as your Subject. 

Four Centuries of Friendship.  Book. Coincides with and written in part to celebrate Bermuda's 400th anniversary in 2009. It commemorates the work of the US Consulate in Bermuda since its establishment in 1812. US-Bermuda history from an American perspective. Edited by Marina Slayton, wife of US Consul General Gregory Slayton. 150 pp full color hardback, with many articles, historical color and black and white images, maps, 2008-2009. Plus chapters written by the US State Department and Mr. Slayton. Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. During the compilation of the book it was discovered that there were over 290 boxes of consular diplomatic dispatches between Bermuda and the USA, including many from the first American consul in Bermuda, William R. Higginbotham, in and from 1812 to John Quincy Adams who, after he left the Presidency, became US Secretary of State.

The American Consulate has received a 2009 facelift with its interior walls now adorned with an exhibit showcasing the 400-year friendship between Bermuda and the United States, the oldest partnership in the New World.  The Friendship Wall displays images from early 1600, when Bermuda played a pivotal role in the US development. 

US Consul General Gregory Slayton stated: "over the centuries, ties between the United States and Bermuda have grown deeper and broader on all fronts. Today, Bermuda and the US are strong partners and the closest of allies."  

The display, which can be seen on the walls of the newly renovated visitors' waiting room, was conceived by Mr. Slayton's wife Mrs. Marina Slayton, who recently published the book, 'Four Centuries of Friendship: America-Bermuda Relations 1609-2009' which coincides with the 400th anniversary of the permanent settlement of the Island.

There is also a new US-Bermuda Friendship Wall at the L. F. Wade International Airport in Bermuda, from where more than 350,000 passengers bound for the USA  pass through US Customs and Border Protection every year. There too, Bermuda residents and visitors can lean more about the long US-Bermuda alliance. The permanent exhibit was unveiled in 2009 in celebration of Bermuda's 400th anniversary, with officials there including the airport general manager, US Consul General Gregory Slayton and Stephen Greenburg, Port Director for US Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Now, thanks to a new agreement between Bermuda and the US signed in April 2008, passengers and crew aboard private aircraft will also be pre-cleared in Bermuda.  This supplements the establishment of the first Bermuda-USA pre-clearance agreement in 1974. Bermuda is only the third country in the world to sign such an agreement with the United States.

The US-Bermuda alliance has large benefits for both Americans and Bermudians. The United States provides over 75 percent of all of Bermuda's imports, tourist and financial capital each year. Consulate professionals offer a range of services for the hundreds of thousands of Americans who visit Bermuda and the thousands of Bermudians who visit the US. Consulate staff also help other US Government agencies working in Bermuda, such as US Custom and Border Protection that provides customs pre-clearance for many US bound flights at the Airport. T

hey work closely with the Bermuda Government and the British Governor in Bermuda to promote partnership, trade, international law enforcement and easier travel between the Island and America. Their mission is to ensure the US-Bermuda alliance remains strong for the benefit for both Americans and the people of Bermuda.

A hand-carved American Eagle has been given back to the US consulate 200 years after it was believed to have be taken by British forces in the siege of Washington during the War of 1812. This intricately carved American Eagle was presented to United States Consul General Gregory Slayton and his wife Marina Slayton by the Bermuda Historical Society in 2008. 

It hangs in the visitor's waiting room along with the newly constructed Friendship Wall, which depicts the longstanding friendship between Bermuda and the United States. 

The donation was on behalf of the Bermuda Historical Society by way of Mrs. Clay Merrell in honour of her husband Mr. Edwin Clay Merrell, who served as US Vice Consul and Consul to Bermuda from July 1920 until January 1947. Mr. Slayton said: "It is unclear how the Merrell's came into possession of the Eagle, but it is thought to have hung in the old-American Consulate during the early and mid-20th Century."

Photo right: American Eagle returned to the Consulate.

In June 2009, without the knowledge of Bermuda's Governor, or Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London, but arranged in a sneaky and underhand way between Bermuda's Premier, The United States Consul General in Bermuda and the United States government, four Uighur men were released from US custody at Guantanamo Bay and were flown secretly to Bermuda. Tensions between Bermuda and Whitehall reached fever pitch with Governor Richard Gozney calling the move 'invalid' and 'unacceptable.' As a British Overseas Territory, Bermuda is obligated to consult Britain on matters of foreign affairs and security. Both the Bermuda Government and the United States Consul General in Bermuda and its Government deliberately failed to do this. Taking in the Uighur detainees, who were conditionally cleared of wrongdoing by the USA, thrust the tension between the two countries into the international media spotlight. The Uighurs are rightly banned from ever going back to the USA for having accepted training from al Qaeda and taken part in terrorism.

US Consul General and where he and family live

For decades, the US Consul General's official home was "Chelston," 12,000 square feet, on a 14 acre estate off Grape Bay Drive in Paget Parish, but was sold for about US$ 15 million some years ago as part of a US Government drive in US Democratic Administration years to cut costs. A new, more modest house was then rented, Mangrove View, on Mangrove Drive, off the South Road. Since then, the affluent US$ multi-million, 4-bedroom property overlooking the ocean known as "The Residence" in exclusive Tucker's Town, with pool, a large two-storey 1920s Bermudian family home, has become the official Consul General dwelling. Situated on about 1.5 acres it includes a guest cottage, substantial pool house and staff quarters.

"The Residence" is furnished with antique items and contemporary reproductions, a mix of the Slaytons' own. They brought their own carpets and antiques, their bedroom furniture and piano. There are pieces inherited from the former Consul General's home at Chelston. The house also showcases a superb collection of American 20th century art on loan from the US ART in Embassies Program. On display are works by American artists including George Chaplin, Frank Hobbs, Theodora Kane, Douglas Keats, Reginald Marsh, Maruta Racenis and Shawna Spangler. They show off and celebrate American vistas. It is the first time a US Consul General posted to Bermuda has been able to participate in the ART program.

Living there with his wife Marina and their four children  8 to 18 in 2009 is Bermuda’s US Consul General, who arrived in September 2005 after the US Senate swore him into his new post. He is Gregory Slayton, who declared himself a firm George W. Bush supporter when he arrived. He succeeded Denis Coleman who had some sharp disagreements with the Bermuda Government including that its effort to foster economic relations with Cuba was sticking a finger in the eye of the USA.  Mr. Slayton sees his role as US Consul General - with the ranking of an Ambassador - as a multi-faceted one with the first priority to take care of the estimated 8,000 American citizens living on the Island. Another is to make sure that there is productive dialogue between Bermuda and the US government. He speaks five languages, his wife Marina  four. He occasionally co-teaches at the Harvard Business School and the Stanford Graduate School of Business. His wife  has dual masters in Education from Columbia University. Her specialty is adult literacy.

Mr. Slayton once lived on every continent in the world. He studied economics at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire and, as a Fulbright Scholar, received a Masters in Asian Studies from the University of the Philippines. His academic focus on economic development led him to spend a number of years in Asia then Africa where he managed micro-credit and economic development programs for the poor and disadvantaged. After acute viral hepatitis,  he couldn’t go back to the third world for at least five years so went to Harvard Business School, where he earned an MBA  and by the early 1990s went to Silicon Valley where he became an entrepreneur and venture capitalist. From December 1997 to December 2002, he led ClickAction, Inc, formerly a publicly traded company that developed email marketing automation solutions before being sold to Info USA. Just before becoming Consul General, he was managing director of Slayton Capital, a private venture capital firm headquartered in Virginia with offices in California. His interest in politics began in college when he was a Democrat and strong supporter of Jimmy Carter and others. Later in life he switched sides and now has many friends in the Bush administration after serving as co-chairman of the Silicon Valley Bush 2000 fundraising committee. 

From January 21, 2009 he has remained in office for the time being, serving at the pleasure of new Democrat US President Barack Obama. 

Earlier Consuls-General

This list was kindly sent by the American Consulate General in Bermuda on October 9, 2009.

1st USA Consular Representative in Bermuda

 William R. Higginbottam - sometimes spelt Higinbottam - was the first American consul in Bermuda in 1812, initially as Consular Agent, then officially as Consul from 1818 to 1832. He opened an office in St. George's in August 1818. Appointed US Agent for Commerce and Seaman by President James Monroe, Higginbotham dealt with American shipping and trade issues. But he faced many diplomatic hurdles because Bermuda's English Governor did not officially recognize him. Higginbotham died at his post in St. George's on July 25, 1832.

Others since then

Key facts in the USA - Bermuda relationship

• Bermuda's role in early American colonial chronology was significant. They began in 1609 when the islands were colonized by English Admiral Sir George Somers. Bermuda was part of Britain's American empire, referred to in London as "His Majesty's Islands of the Bermudas or Somer's Isles in America" - thus Bermuda is NOT part of the Caribbean (as far to the south as Dallas, Texas is from New York). With ties dating back to 1609, the USA is by far and away the Island's largest trading partner, with more than 85% of all Bermuda's imports being shipped or air freighted in from the USA; the single major market by a huge percentage for the Island's financial services industry (more than 75%); the major source - nearly 90% - of the Island's 450,000+ annual visitors; and the most significant cultural influence by an enormous margin. Virtually all the food available in Bermuda comes via the USA by air or sea, with 85% of it American.

• Bermuda's principal and most principled news agencies, beyond The Royal Gazette and other local media, are the American Television and radio stations ABC, CBS, CNN, Fox News and NBC. 

•  Many American products sold in Bermuda, at supermarkets particularly, especially USDA-certified meats, get special "export" subsidies from the US Federal government, paid for solely by American taxpayers.

• 85% of all cruise ships come from US ports during the March to November cruise ship season. 

• Bermudians enjoy close relations with the US for education, business and families. Many thousands of Bermudians and permanent residents and parents on employment contracts have graduated from US colleges, far more than from Canadian or British equivalents. 

• Virtually all do most of their shopping in the USA, to escape vastly higher prices in Bermuda at retail level even though they cannot escape Bermuda Government import duties of about 30 percent of the value of their purchases when they return home as Bermuda allows its residents only $100 worth of duty free goods acquired abroad per person. 

• In healthcare, Bermudians go the USA when they need specialist treatment, not the USA or UK. 

• In 1988 Bermuda and USA signed the US-Bermuda tax treaty in Washington DC, shortly after Premier Sir John Swan met with President Ronald Reagan. It began the international business boom for Bermuda that continues to this day. It is so favorable to Bermuda that all conferences and conventions involving American businesses meeting in Bermuda end up being borne entirely by American taxpayers.

• Of all the airline flights arriving in Bermuda, 85% are from and to the USA. Americans can fly to Bermuda non-stop from a number of US cities, compared to only 1 city for Britons (London) and Canadians (Toronto) and none from anywhere else in the world.

• Bermudians and other Bermuda residents flying to the USA, because they are processed in Bermuda, before they leave by Bermuda-based US Immigration and Customs officials and with no lines or queues at all and no bureaucracy. They are treated as domestic arrivals when they arrive at US airports after a short (usually less than two hours) flight so can go immediately to cars, taxes, buses, trains, etc. In huge contrast, passengers flying from United Kingdom, European and other airports, tired after 7-8 hour flights, if they are not US citizens have to line up for often over 2 hours in excessive American bureaucracy. 

• What does Bermuda offer in return? The international business sector, and especially reinsurers, are critically important to the US, especially when catastrophes strike. The Bermuda-based international insurance, reinsurance and special risks industry up to 2008 to date has paid out about US$23 billion in claims to the USA over the previous five or six years. Also, Bermuda-based insurers and reinsurers employ thousands of Americans, some in Bermuda, mostly in the USA.

• In January 2009 a treaty between Bermuda and the United States will allow authorities in both countries to collect criminal evidence for one another was signed. Premier Ewart Brown, Deputy Premier Paula Cox and US Consul General Gregory Slayton signed the Treaty on the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters, otherwise known as the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT). In 2008 the US and Bermuda this year celebrate a 400-year-old partnership and this treaty represents a major step in advancing law enforcement co-operation between the two countries. The US and Bermuda already have an excellent working relationship on law enforcement matters and this treaty will help formalize and solidify that relationship by creating a direct channel of contact between prosecutors in each country. It will allow US and Bermuda authorities to request and obtain assistance from each other in criminal investigations and prosecutions and related proceedings. It will improve the co-operation of the two governments in combating a wide variety of crimes, including economic crimes, money laundering, drug trafficking and sex offences. It will do this by facilitating the collection of evidence needed by authorities in one country but located within the other country. Types of assistance under the treaty are likely to include taking testimony; obtaining and providing documents, records or other items; conducting searches and seizures; locating persons and items and assisting in forfeiture proceedings. MLAT is designed to improve the effectiveness of the law enforcement authorities of both the United States and Bermuda in the investigation, prosecution, and prevention of crime through co-operation and mutual legal assistance in criminal matters. It should be an effective tool to assist in the prosecution of a wide variety of crimes, including drug trafficking, money laundering and terrorism offences.

• In February 2009 it was announced that the Bermuda Government plans to set up an office in Washington DC in mid 2009 to help forge links with the new US presidential team. Premier Ewart Brown told the House of Assembly the move will mean "we're in a position to communicate efficiently with the Obama administration."

• Many resident Americans are married to Bermudians and many American businesses deal directly with Bermudians. It also serves American businesses which incorporate in Bermuda to avoid US taxes but still have their principal offices in the USA. 

American Naval Base in Bermuda in Great War 1914-1918

On April 6, 1917, three years after the Great War for Britain and her European allies, the United States finally declared war on Germany. American naval vessels sailed from US East Coast ports bound for Bermuda, to use Bermuda as a base. And just over two weeks later, on April 24, one-time Bermuda visitor President Woodrow Wilson signed into American law the Liberty Loan Act, a war finance measure which authorized the issue of bonds to be sold by public subscription and provided loans to Allied Powers to enable them to purchase food and war supplies from the USA.

American Army, Navy, Air Force bases in Bermuda 1941-1995

American Military Personnel in Bermuda 1941 to 1995

Bermuda is not part of the USA but a foreign country with its own laws and requires valid passports from:

• All Americans (who number about 85% of all visitors, See Bermuda's Links with USA) traveling to Bermuda from USA.  

• Before they arrive, American visitors should note that the US Government has implemented new regulations that require all those traveling to Bermuda and from here to the USA by air - meaning  on commercial flights, charter flights, private planes and corporate planes, or by sea - to travel on a valid passport, required to be inspected and approved by US authorities before or when they reach the USA. The USA's Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 requires this. Further details can be obtained from the US Consulate in Bermuda. Machine-readable passports are preferred; however, Americans, Bermudians, and Canadians with valid passports that are not machine-readable may continue to use those passports until they expire. 

•  

  • Non-citizens of the USA must also carry a US Green Card showing them to be legal registered aliens there, if entering Bermuda from USA 

  • Britons (5% of all visitors, see Bermuda's Links with the UK):

  • Canadians (5% of all visitors). See Bermuda's Links with Canada file.

  • Non-citizens of Canada or the United Kingdom must have an appropriate travel visa from Canada or the United Kingdom if entering Bermuda and not a citizen of that country.

  • Nationals of other countries (5% of all visitors).

  • All adults and children - irrespective of nationality - should have individual official passports from their country of birth or domicile to enter Bermuda. It is the only way of confirming and proving both your nationality and your identity. Birth certificates and drivers' licenses, not issued by countries but merely by sub divisions of them, don't show such confirmation or proof. Travel documents for all must be shown to Bermuda Immigration on arrival.

  All adults and children - irrespective of nationality - should have individual official passports from their country of birth or domicile to enter Bermuda. It is the only way of confirming and proving both your nationality and your identity. Birth certificates and drivers' licenses, not issued by countries but merely by States or places that don't have official representation outside their jurisdictions, don't show such confirmation or proof and can be easily faked, but passports cannot. Only these are regarded as proper travel documents for all  and must be shown to Bermuda Immigration on arrival. Non-citizens of the USA, Britain and Canada must also carry a Green Card or equivalent, showing them to be legal registered aliens there and have a valid US or UK or Canadian re-entry permit if entering Bermuda from the USA or UK or Canada and not a citizen of that country.

Traveling from Bermuda to USA

• From January 8, 2007, all travelers of all nationalities, including American citizens, going to and from the Caribbean, Bermuda, Panama, Mexico and Canada must have a valid official passport to enter or re-enter the United States. Other regulations will require that visa applications to Bermuda via the USA or from Bermuda to the USA for those thinking of going from Bermuda to live and/or work in the USA be completed online. Bermudians and others who did not previously require U.S. visas (e.g. Canadians, UK citizens) will NOT be required to obtain visas. British citizens traveling on British passports do not require a visa for most short trips, but must have a machine-readable passport. Further details, including if any traveler is in doubt as to whether a visa is required, can be obtained from the US Consulate in Bermuda. Travelers who do need visas and wish to apply at the latter are required to complete an application on-line. On October 15, 2006, the Consulate stopped accepting handwritten or  typed application forms. Visa applicants may also access the forms at http://evisaforms.state.gov from their personal internet accounts or from public terminals, such as libraries or internet cafes.  A link to this site will be available on the Consulate's website as well.  Forms should be completed on-line, then printed out and brought to the Consulate.  Applicants will still be required to appear in person to pay the necessary fees and have fingerscans taken. 

New US visa rules for visiting passengers not American, British, Canadian or designated other nationalities when entering Bermuda from USA or leaving via USA.

A part list of countries whose citizens were not previously required to have a visa or passport for travel to the USA from Bermuda or via the USA to any other country, but who are now required to hold both valid modern machine-readable passports after October 26, 2004 and visa for travel to/from the USA  and Bermuda. Please note that while they may go to the USA for 90 days or less once they have both a passport and US Visa, they may go to Bermuda for only 21 days or less, if not an approved resident. Citizens of countries not mentioned below should consult their local US Embassy or Consulate.

Countries participating in the Visa Waiver program

Their citizens need only a modern machine-readable passport after October 26, 2004, not a visa, to go via USA to Bermuda or Bermuda via USA back home or wherever. Please note that while they may go to the USA for 90 days or less, they may go to Bermuda for only 21 days or less.

Announced in December 2007 as a new educational and cultural partnership between Bermuda and the USA. It was approved by the US State Department following talks between Premier Ewart Brown and US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice earlier in 2007. It will bring together leaders from both countries to discuss ideas relating to areas such as public safety and education. Also, Members of Congress and other Congressional staff will come to Bermuda and participate in speeches, round table discussions and other brainstorming activities. The program will be administered by the Cabinet Office of the Bermuda Government and will include exchanges between Bermuda's Government Ministries and members of the United States Senate, the House of Representatives and their Congressional staffs.

Basics

General Election 18 December 2007

Between The Progressive Labour Party (PLP) - in Government since 1998 - and United Bermuda Party (UBP) - in Opposition. The PLP remained as the Government by winning 22 seats to the UBP's 14. The UBP lost several key seats.

American visitors to Bermuda like going from a millions more square miles country (3.535 million square miles in total, with a population of 278.059 million, or an average of 79 persons per square mile) and hundreds or thousands of times bigger states but with a hugely smaller population density per square mile (as shown below by state) to the tiny (21 square miles) island of Bermuda.

USA statistics

1. States in alphabetical order by name and motto

2. States in alphabetical order, by name and motto

Other US areas over 68 square miles each

Employment in Bermuda

Quite a few Americans live and work in Bermuda. They are very welcome but do not have the same freedoms in residing and working without restrictions as they have elsewhere. Americans visiting Bermuda on business or vacation or as professional newcomers cannot get Bermuda citizenship or vote or buy real estate at the same price as Bermudians - unless they marry Bermudians. Any children born here are not legally Bermudians unless one parent is Bermudian.

See these files:

• Newcomer's Guide to Bermuda
• Associations & groups
• Bermuda Islands
• Bermuda as a British Overseas territory in the British Commonwealth
• Bermuda banking
• Bermuda Basics
• Bermuda Cost of Living
• Bermuda a Leading Domicile in Insurance
• Bermuda Captive Insurance Brokers and Managers
• Bermuda Government
• Bermuda Employers
• Bermuda International Business
• Education in Bermuda
• Electricity costs
• Gasoline (petrol) costs
• Home costs
• Hospitals and Health Support Groups in Bermuda
• Insurance Advantages of a Bermuda-based Insurer
• LP Gas costs
• Portfolio of International Businesses in Bermuda
• Senior citizens. How they compare in benefits with those elsewhere.
• Work Permits for non-Bermudians

Why Bermuda is nominally British

See American, British, Bermudian, Canadian  & European History from 1500.

Bermuda's first links with the USA in 1609

See the web file on Admiral Sir George Somers. Earliest Bermuda colonists  were mourned as perished by those in Virginia.

An account of the tempest, its effect on the Relief fleet, colonists and supplies and appalling conditions of all colonists in Virginia was conveyed to England by Captain John Smith (top right). He was the leader of the original 1607 Virginia settlement, repatriated after a serious injury.  He arrived in England in early March, 1610. His news was regarded as a major catastrophe and it soon spread like wildfire all over England.  But the colonists were safe. Aboard two small vessels, "Deliverance and Patience", both built on Bermuda from timbers and rigging from the wrecked "Sea Venture" and native red cedar, the Admiral, Captain, Governor and almost all the colonists reached Jamestown on May 24, 1610.

They - and the prime foodstuffs they brought from Bermuda - received a rapturous welcome from the sixty starving, miserable Virginians who survived the original settlement of 1607 or had not perished in the 1609 tempest en route to Virginia. Letters describing the adventures and safe arrival of "The Lost Flocke Triumphant" were sent and arrived in London in late 1610. They created a major sensation. Captain John Smith became a hero. Sir Thomas Gates became Virginia's Governor. Had it not been for Bermuda, Pocahontas would never have wed Rolfe. He would have died at sea in 1609, instead of surviving on Bermuda until he left for Jamestown in 1610. Admiral Sir George Somers recommended to London that Bermuda be colonized permanently as the role model for all new American mainland British colonies. But the contributions Somers, Bermuda and Rolfe made to American history as early Bermudians have not been mentioned in American history books except in Captain Smith's famous 1624 history.

Bermuda's Early History portrayed in its cultural postage stamps helps compensate for this.

Bermuda's and Virginia's roles in Shakespeare's "The Tempest"

On November 1, 1611, in London, England, at Whitehall, for King James VI of Scotland and I of England and his courtiers, the very first performance was held of the original version of the subsequently world famous work THE TEMPEST, one of his last unassisted major dramatic works, by the illustrious 16th to 17th century British dramatist and playwright William Shakespeare, with the music for this first presentation by the British composer Robert Johnson. This work is very important in classical music history for several reasons, chiefly for its exceptional durability on the world musical stage - albeit in different ways over the years; its value as an inspiration to composers in its 380 years of history; because Shakespeare was exceptionally conscious of the value of music to give his works even more of a dramatic, stirring and lasting presentation; and because whole sections of the original text were lifted virtually word for word from the dramatic accounts of contemporary English writers who survived a shipwreck and then described their first-hand experiences of a particularly interesting and true drama at sea. Given these facts, the real but sadly obscured history of this work is noteworthy indeed, as it shows from precisely where and how Shakespeare received his inspiration.

Shakespeare was among those who read the most detailed and dramatic of "The Lost Flocke Triumphant" letters. They may have been shown to him by his patron Henry Wriothesly, Earl of Southampton (after whom a Bermuda parish is named), an investor in the organization that financed the Third Supply fleet, The Company of Adventurers and Planters of the City of London for the First Colony of Virginia.

Shakespeare was also acquainted with Admiral Sir George Somers and the author of one of the letters, William Strachey, Secretary (and scribe) of the Virginia Company, one of the original "Island of Devils" castaways, who had been a part time playwright in London. However he got the letter, Shakespeare was so inspired by the story and the tempest account that he employed them in his THE TEMPEST. But with Italian style theater and music then the fashion, he set the work on a vague Italian island with a cast of characters entirely unconnected with the stirring Sea Venture drama.

After the first run of THE TEMPEST, a particularly memorable performance was held early in 1613 for Lady Elizabeth, sister of King James I and the Elector Prince Palatine, Prince Charles. For that performance Shakespeare added a unique epilogue entitled An Episode, or Funeral Song on the most disastrous Death of the high born Prince of Men, Henry, Prince of Wales. It contained a direct allusion to the tempest scene, Bermuda and Virginia in "this kingdom's plight applied in the Prince's death." Since then, there have been countless dramatic and musical productions of THE TEMPEST, all based on Shakespeare's fanciful locale. The text of the work was revised in the 1660s by Sir William Davenant, Shakespeare's reputed godson and produced posthumously in 1674. Later versions were composed by John Bannister, G. B. Draghi, Pelham Humfrey, Pietro Reggio and Matthew Locke for the 1674 revival. A new version, probably by John Weldon (once attributed erroneously to Purcell) was composed about 1710 and published in the 18th century. Then came even more British versions by Dr. Thomas Augustine Arne (as an English opera on November 28, 1740; as first revived on January 31,1746, and then on December 27, 1776); John Christopher Smith (also as an opera, on February 11,1756); and Sir Henry Bishop (as incidental music for the play on May 15, 1821). These were followed by an array of European and more British versions, first by the French composer Hector Berlioz (of 1831, which he later absorbed into his LELIO); Jacques-Francois Fromental Halevy (as the Italian style opera LA TEMPESTA, Paris, on June 8, 1850); then the British composer Sir Arthur Sullivan (as incidental music in Leipzig, Germany, on April 6, 1861 - and revived in London on April 5, 1862).

These were followed by the Russian composer Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky (as the symphonic fantasia BURYA, Moscow, December 19, 1873); the American composer John Knowles Paine (with his symphonic poem of circa 1876); the German composer Engelbert Humperdinck (as the incidental music DER STURM, Berlin, on October 26, 1906); the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius (as PRELUDE TO THE TEMPEST, New York, 1927); the French-born Swiss composer Arthur Honeggar (with his PRELUDE POUR LA TEMPETE); the Swedish composer Kurt Atterberg (as an opera in Stockholm on September 19, 1949); and the Swiss composer Frank Martin (as the opera DER STURM, Vienna, on June 18, 1956).

But none of these or other older versions of THE TEMPEST have portrayed the real story. Indeed, the saga of the Sea Venture and destinies of those who sailed on her, whose names should be engraved so indelibly in the histories of Great Britain, Bermuda and the United States of America, have been buried in the dusty pages of obscure books, available only to those with a passion for painstaking research. Even entries in various authoritative encyclopedia for Shakespeare's THE TEMPEST and much respected chronologies of early American colonial history, pay scant attention to the historical and geographical facts of such importance.

The saga of the Sea Venture did much more than merely inspire Shakespeare. It impacted dramatically on Britain's New World colonization policies. Virginia was revitalized as a colony. The Somer's Isles, alias Bermuda, were settled in 1612 and this paved the way for Britain to send British emigrants in the USA. Thus Britain began her great American empire, which lasted until 1776.

Bermuda's advantages led to focused British settlement of the USA

In 1612 the Bermuda islands, then known as the Somers Islands as well, were included in the Third Charter of the Virginia Company. A second group of English colonists arrived, this time destined specifically for Bermuda. The Virginia Company charter was revoked in 1684 as far as Bermuda was concerned, which meant that Bermuda became completely independent of Virginia. Until then, Bermuda was also referred to as Virgineola.

Unlike in Jamestown, with a potentially hostile native people, bitter winter weather, chronic shortage of available foodstuffs and other hardships for the colonists to endure, the Bermuda islands offered no such problems. Because they had been previously uninhabited, there were no native people with any resentments or hostilities towards newcomers to deal with and add complications. They were rich in wildlife including herds of wild pigs and edible birds. Their waters were stuffed with fish that could be caught with simple hand lines. Crustaceans and sea turtles nested on the shores in abundance. There was so much food that was easy to harvest with very little effort. Each island was densely forested with a native wood - cedar - that proved easy to cut yet perfect for everything from cooking to home and ship building.

Compared to the shortcomings of Jamestown, these were assets indeed, to lure those who wanted to finance colonial ventures and others to volunteer as colonists. Bermuda's advantages - not those of then unexplored and uncharted mainland places - were what finally persuaded English financiers to invest more funding in colonial American adventures in and beyond Jamestown, despite substantial earlier losses in colonial adventures - and the colonists to participate. It was a flagrantly inaccurate portrayal of what colonial life was like on the vast American mainland 600 miles west of Bermuda, although accurate as far as Bermuda was concerned. But it worked from 1612 to 1620 to spread the word and fire the colonial drive, as the result of which colonization of the east coast of the American continent began in earnest. They led directly to establishment of the Plymouth Colony; Massachusetts Bay Colony; Maryland; Rhode Island; Connecticut; Portsmouth, RI; New Haven, CT; Delaware; Maine; North Carolina; South Carolina; New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; and Georgia. Thus the successful colonization of the islands of Bermuda, known as the Bermuda Experience became the example and catalyst that provided the impetus for the funding of the Plymouth Colony expedition (in actuality, originally bound for Virginia) by the Mayflower Pilgrim Separatists in 1620 (until Plymouth's amalgamation with Massachusetts in 1692).

The Bermuda Experience also led to the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony by the Puritans in 1629; Maryland by Lord Baltimore as a proprietary colony in 1634; Rhode Island by Roger Williams as a self governing colony in 1636; Connecticut, by Thomas Hooker in 1636; Portsmouth, RI, by Mrs. Anne Hutchinson in 1638 (until its merger with Rhode Island proper in 1644); New Haven, CT, by emigrants from Massachusetts in 1638 (until its merger with Connecticut in 1662); and Delaware, by Swedes under British rule in 1638.

Finally, the Bermuda Experience was cited in the creation of Maine, by Sir Ferdinando Gorges in 1639 (until its merger with Massachusetts in 1791, before it again became a separate state later); North Carolina by eight noblemen in 1663; South Carolina, again by eight noblemen, also in 1663; New York, by the Duke of York in 1664; New Jersey, by Berkeley and Cartaret in 1664; Pennsylvania, by William Penn in 1681; and Georgia, by James Oglethorpe in 1732.

Bermuda was important to the American colonies

For an appreciable period, Bermuda sent settlers to the mainland American colonies. It was employed for many years as a transit station in colonial traffic. This was a deliberate policy, for several reasons. One was to treat the colonists gently in terms of continuation of British customs, culture and placidity of environment, before they were sent to the mainland. Another was to weed them out somewhat, to see how they developed as colonists in terms of individual strengths and weaknesses before they were dispatched to places that might suit them best as rewards for good conduct or as further hardships if they were disobedient or troublesome to authorities. Also, because Bermuda was a Royalist colony, not a religious one, it was less strict in religious discipline than the Pilgrim, Puritan and Catholic colonies, as they went through their growing pains and internal political or religious strife on the road to maturity.

Additionally, Bermuda was a place where young men and women fresh out from England could be taught a trade that would be useful to them in the vaster wilderness of the mainland colonies. It was where, because of its untroubled development as a colony since 1612 and relative isolation, some heathen native women of the mainland colonies were exiled, to be converted then married off to single local immigrants, to produce Christian children who would be shipped back to the mainland to help the conversion process among the native peoples.

Religion was exported from them to Bermuda on Cromwell's orders

In Massachusetts, people who were earlier in Bermuda contributed to the gradual demise of the Pilgrim religious influence. But there were some counter prevailing influences as well. For example, during the period of office of Oliver Cromwell and his ilk, the Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay and other New England colonies were not interfered with much from London. But Bermuda was. As a still Royalist leaning colony, it was put under rigid religious discipline by Cromwellian ministers from the two principal New England colonies, on specific orders from London. Thus began an appreciable period for Bermuda first in active religious links, then, more serenely, in commerce and education, with the New England colonies.

Bermuda's Gunpowder Plot provided ammunition for Bunker Hill

Nowhere in America is this mentioned as a local contribution to the American Revolution. Hundreds of barrels of gunpowder, stolen by sympathetic Bermudians from a local British fort, were used by Americans at the Battle of Bunker Hill. 

They lost the battle but won the will to keep fighting. 

The Continental Congress was so grateful that it lifted the embargo on food and grain shipments to Bermuda it had applied to all other British held possessions.

Today, in Bermuda, American visitors can see the original letter from George Washington asking Bermudians to steal the gunpowder. British soldiers were brought in to stop Bermudian treachery. 

The Royal Navy used Bermuda as an American and French prisoner of war detention center. The United States and France plotted to capture Bermuda but - except for what happened below - never followed through.

Bermuda and The War of Independence

More details are forthcoming. In the meantime, see Bermuda's History 1700-1799.

Bermuda was invaded briefly by the USA in 1777

In 1777, during the American Revolution, British militia soldiers manned the isolated 17th century battery of Gun Point at what is now near Wreck Hill on Somerset Island of the Colony of Bermuda.  The old fort had a strategic position protecting the West End Channel. It was one of the few passages through the dangerous ring of reefs for sailing ships. The soldiers at the fort had the presence of mind to exchange gunfire with two armed brigs that advanced in a threatening manner although they then flew British colors.

The brigs answered with broadsides from their cannon, lowered their Union Jack flags, hoisted the red, white and blue striped ensign of the United States of America and proceeded to invade Bermuda with landing parties. To avoid meeting this much bigger force, the Bermuda based militia men retreated from the battery. The Americans spiked their guns and destroyed the walls of the fort but were forced to retreat themselves when more local soldiers and a Royal Navy detachment responded to the alarm. The Americans escaped on their ships in what became only the second time in the history of Bermuda that it was invaded. 

Bermuda and The 1812-14 War

More details are forthcoming. In the meantime, see Bermuda's History 1800-1899.htm. 

Bermuda and its role in the "Star Spangled Banner"

In July 1814, during the second British American war, a British Royal Navy fleet assembled in and sailed from Bermuda to successfully attack and burn Washington DC, in retaliation for the American attack on and burning of Yorktown, now Toronto, in Canada. Then it attempted the same thing on Fort McHenry in Baltimore. During that engagement, Francis Scott Key wrote the words of what became the Star Spangled Banner, as a temporary detainee on one of the British warships. The melody is from a bawdy British drinking song by a London based composer. The fleet's voyage ended in Halifax, where hundreds of slaves who had lined the shores of the Pawtuxent River and elsewhere nearby to implore British troops to help them escape from bondage had been rescued and were also on the British warships cheering on and actively assisting the sailors who had set them free, were promptly and officially given their freedom.

Bermuda and its American military spies

Bermuda has dozens of forts still standing. They are in the western, central and eastern counties (parishes). They are superb cultural, historical and scenic attractions in every way. (Most people are completely unaware how remarkable they are). They were the first substantial buildings erected in Bermuda, all built by Britain.  See a basic listing of the British forces that built and occupied them at various times in British Army Units in Bermuda, 1776-1953.

On a number of occasions they were of particular interest to American military spies.  One was visiting American Secret Agent, Albert Fitz, appointed to spying duties by the Hon. Daniel Webster, Secretary of State. Fitz submitted his report in 1842,  after having been instructed to proceed to certain of the British West India Islands, for the purpose of ascertaining the strength of the Naval and Military forces there; to examine the fortifications, take plans of them, ascertain the numbers of guns, describe the disposition of the inhabitants and more. 

Fitz was the first of three known American spies in Bermuda in 1841-52, the second being Capt. Minor Knowlton and the last Lieut. Frederick Prime, later sent to Alcatraz when it was but a fort. They left behind an unusual record of the Bermuda forts for a time for which little survives in local and United Kingdom archives. They recorded what the British military then in Bermuda tried to keep secret. With their espionage documents and reports, it was possible to unlock the layouts of the forts for the 1840s and 1850s. According to Fitz, the Bermudians thought his country desired the possession of the island, so they were "particularly jealous and distrustful of American visitors, and also of Frenchmen, whom they consider as our possible allies." Despite this, he was able to visit all of the new fortifications, particularly Dockyard, which "promises be one of the most impregnable fortresses in the Western hemisphere."

Captain Minor Knowlton was no stranger to Bermuda when he was sent to look at its defences by General J.G.Totten, Chief Engineer, US Army. In 1842, he had come here for his health, as he suffered from epilepsy. This did not deter him from a spying mission to Canada, where he examined Fort York at Toronto two years prior. His policy in Bermuda was "to form few acquaintances and to avoid entertainments altogether." He gave the impression that his walkabouts, even up to the fortifications, were to improve his health. Customs officers, however, must have wondered why his luggage on departure contained "two blocks of shell limestone, each a little more than one foot cube, which I brought from Bermuda as specimens of the type of stone used in the fortifications of those islands. It is a soft kind of shell sandstone which may be advantageously shattered by hollow shot." Upon his return in June 1849 to New York after three months in Bermuda, Knowlton wrote to Totten promising a full report, of which there is no trace. What has survived is an original plan of the Dockyard by George Taylor, Survey of Buildings to the Navy Board in London, which Knowlton must have obtained by paying someone from the dockyard.  

The last officer, gentleman and spy was Lieut. Frederick Prime, who also reported to General Totten at Washington, DC. Having graduated first in his class at West Point in 1849, he found himself at Bermuda three years later. Prime was clearly taken by Bermuda, so much so that he returned to the subject of its invasion while on duty at Fort Alcatraz some years later. In his "Notes on an expedition against the Bermudas", he examines all of the channels, the strength of the garrison and the nature of the fortifications. Prime defines the weakest point as Castle Harbour, which could be entered easily without coming under fire from the major forts on St. George's Island, those on Castle Island being in disrepair. Having reduced the Martello Tower at Ferry Reach, the American invaders could effectively cut off St. George's and its forts from the rest of Bermuda. By taking St. George's from the rear, the subjugation of the rest of the island would soon follow, as the enemy would control the Narrows Channel, the only sea access to the dockyard and Hamilton, a blockade from the land as it were. The most remarkable piece of this espionage is Prime's sketch of the major Bermuda forts in 1852, reproduced here from the National Archives in Washington, DC. These little fort maps are remarkable for their detail, considering that the forts were "visited but once and sometimes under such circumstances that nothing would be committed to paper for many hours after". This detail is important as all of the major forts of the 1820s-1860s were heavily altered in the 1870s and some again in the 1890s.

Bermuda supplied materials to the South during American Civil War

Much has been written and televised about Bermuda's prominent role during the American Civil War. But to date, very little attention has been directed to the fact that much depended on Canadian shipping support and supplies, principally from Nova Scotia, as the result of which Bermuda prospered mightily during this tragic conflict. Actually, Bermuda was more dependent on Nova Scotia than anywhere else during the Civil War for supplies. Bluenose windjammers sailed under the British flag from Halifax and were never subjected to blockade by the Union Navy en route to Bermuda. One reason for this was the fact that Nova Scotians were very active in participating on the Northern side during the war - and very helpful, both in supplying goods for the Northerners and volunteers for Northern armies, in complete contrast to the strongly pro South attitudes manifested in Bermuda by mercantile Bermudians. A great deal of what those Nova Scotia ships brought to Bermuda was supercargo, trans-shipped in Bermuda by the blockade runners for the run to Southern ports. Thus were Halifax and the province of Nova Scotia linked closely with the convoluted economic and related developments in Bermuda during the American Civil War.

Yet, in complete contrast, Joseph Rainey and his wife, both black Americans, found freedom from slavery and happiness in Bermuda at this time. After the war, it was safe for them to return to the USA, where Rainey became in the South's Reconstruction the first appointed black American legislator.

Colonel (later Brigadier General) James Robertson Arnold

He was one of the sons of Revolutionary War American traitor and British patriot Benedict Arnold, by his second marriage to the Philadelphia-based Loyalist. American born, he was exiled to Canada with his father and family when very young and educated at King's College School. As a naturalized British Canadian, he wanted to avenge his father's humiliation in America. As a British Army officer, he participated in the War of 1812-1814 in Canada and Maine. He sailed from Halifax for Bermuda in 1816 and was the first Royal Engineer to fortify, from 1816-1818, the new Royal Naval Dockyard in Bermuda against any invasion threat from USA. Colonel Arnold devised the early massive building and engineering program for HM Dockyard, that led to Bermuda being referred to later as the "Gibraltar of the West." His success was such that he was posted back to Halifax in 1818 to do the same thing for the Citadel. Later, he was appointed a British Army Brigadier General.

Frances Hodgson Burnett loved Bermuda

The English born, American naturalized author won international renown in 1886 for her book "Little Lord Fauntleroy" before she emigrated to the USA. In 1911, her "The Secret Garden" was published and also became an instant global best seller. It has often been claimed, wrongly, that she wrote this book based on a garden she kept in Bailey's Bay, Hamilton Parish, Bermuda. In fact, it wasn't until after it was published that she visited Bermuda for the first time - and stayed. After a brief sojourn at the Princess Hotel, she rented a house called "Clifton," then owned by the Outerbridge family, in Bailey's Bay, on the North Shore Road. Like other famous writers before her, Burnett settled in Bermuda to get away from the chronic claustrophobia of an adoring public in the USA and the winter weather of her Long Island New York home. At Clifton she was able to indulge in her passion for growing roses. She once wrote to her friends about her 762 roses: "They will bloom when New York is 70 degrees below zero and London is black with fog and slopped with mud and rain." She loved Bermuda so much she continued to reside here until her death in 1924 at the age of 75.

Mark Twain's Bermuda

This world-famous American novelist and essayist enjoyed, lived in and loved Bermuda.

Samuel Cunard's New York, St. Thomas, Bermuda service

In November, 1850, Samuel Cunard of Halifax introduced his steam packet service from New York to St. Thomas, with a call at Bermuda in both directions. But the New York portion of the service was not a commercial success compared to his earlier Halifax-Bermuda direct service and was canceled in May of 1854.

Washington Irving and his "The Three Kings of Bermuda"

This famous American novelist, who died at the age of 76 at his home in Tarrytown, New York, on November 28, 1859, was best known in Bermuda for his "Rip Van Winkle" and the "Legend of Sleepy Hollow" tales. He also delved into Bermuda's early history and came up with his "The Three Kings of Bermuda," based on the three colonists who arrived on the Sea Venture with Sir George Somers in 1609 and remained behind to hold the Bermuda islands for Britain when the rest of their colleagues sailed off to Jamestown, Virginia, in 1610 in their two smaller craft built from the flagship's salvaged parts.

Today, visit Carter House, on the former United States Naval Air Station on St. David's Island in St. George's Parish, to see There, see the site of the early kingdom of 'King' Carter, who declined to accept the whole of St. David's Island as his reward for good stewardship and honesty; and instead asked for - and got - the much smaller Cooper's Island, which he dug over extensively, but in vain, in the belief that Spanish treasure was buried there.

William Browne, American Loyalist Governor of Bermuda

In 1781, on December 16 he was so appointed. He was born in Massachusetts 27th Feb 1737 but had fallen foul of rebel bigotry and fled to England, where he was called on by Lord North from his (he said) 'profoundest retreat.'  He had been a friend of John Adams who thought him a solid judicious character, which turned out to be correct as on arriving in Bermuda to take up office, a lesser man would have thought his task insurmountable. The Islands had a serious lack of food, especially bread and prices were exorbitantly high. The towns were crowded with Loyalists and rents had risen to unprecedented levels. Both smallpox and typhus were present and unchecked in their course. His official residence was in such a state of disrepair it struck him with horror. Enemy prisoners where everywhere taking notes on everything and the danger of attack was greater than ever before. Browne set about organizing island affairs appointing other Loyalists to key positions, one from Virginia as attorney general another from Massachusetts as chief justice, he reinstated the local militia officers and made whaling license free. He took numerous measures and initiatives that went down well with the islanders. He in fact turned out to be a model governor and the islanders had quickly taken to someone who had suffered so much for his loyalty to the Crown. He was able to see that the likelihood of America becoming independent meant this enchanting, tranquil, beautiful isle of pink sand would make it the 'Gibraltar of the west' and imperative for British commerce, so he built up the island's small garrison. Independence was also pretty obvious to the Loyalists and more and more of them arrived and collected at the east end of the island, but were dispersing to other colonies almost as soon as they had arrived. At the end of the war when Loyalists were being evacuated from New York he had them re-provisioned before continuing their journeys. With peace declared, Bermuda was quick to restart trade with the USA and he pressed for it to become a free port, for such he appointed another Loyalist from Connecticut as comptroller. Browne's summing up at the end of his governorship in 1788 was "Bermuda is divided on domestic business but is united in it's loyalty to His Majesty."